Sabatier

13.2N

79.0E

10

Paul ~ (1854-1941), French physicist, chemist and educator; awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely divided metals."

Sabine

1.4N

20.1E

30

Sir Edward ~ (1788-1883), Irish geophysicist, explorer, astronomer and meteorologist; secretary of the British Association and director of the Royal Observatory at Kew.

Sacrobosco

23.7S

16.7E

98

John of Holywood, Johannes (or Joannes, or Johannis) de Sacrobuschus (or de Sacrobusto), or ~ (c. 1195-1256), British-born monk, educator, astronomer and mathematician; author of several early works on astronomy, including Tractatus de Sphaera, De Anni Ratione and Tractatus de Quadrante.

Saenger

4.3N

102.4E

75

Eugen ~ (1905-1964), pioneering Austro-German rocketry scientist (born in Bohemia); suggested a design for a photon rocket and developed a concept for a two-stage, reusable aerospace plane for inexpensively transporting men and payloads into space.

Saha

1.6S

102.7E

99

Meghnad N. ~ (1893-1956), Indian astrophysicist; noted for his theory of thermal ionization, he founded the Uttar Pradesh Academy of Sciences at Allahabad, as well as the Indian Physical Society, the National Institute of Sciences and the Institute of Nuclear Physics at Calcutta.

Samir

28.5N

34.3W

2

Arabic male name.

Sampson

29.7N

16.5W

1

Ralph Allen ~ (1866-1939), British astronomer and mathematician.

Sanford

32.6N

138.9W

55

Roscoe F. ~ (1883-1958), American astronomer.

Santbech

20.9S

44.0E

64

Daniel Santbech Noviomagus (?-c. 1561), Dutch mathematician and astronomer.

Santos Dumont

27.7N

4.8E

8

Alberto ~ (1873-1932), pioneer Brazilian aviator and aeronautical engineer; established his reputation as a designer and pilot of balloons and dirigibles, later became the first person to fly a heavier-than-air craft in Europe (1906).

Sappho

25.0S

133.2E

28

~  (c. 600 B.C.), Greek poetess; invented the verse form known as Sapphics, a four-line stanza in which the first three lines contain eleven syllables and the last five.

Sarabhai

24.7N

21.0E

7

Vikram (or Vikrama) Ambalal ~ (1919-1971), Indian astrophysicist, nuclear physicist and educator; head of India's Atomic Energy Commission. As a researcher, he discovered that the intensity of the cosmic rays changes twice a day.

Sarton

49.3N

121.1W

69

George Alfred Léon ~ (1884-1956), Belgian-American polymath and historian of science; his History of Science and The Study of the History of Science are considered essential works in the field.

Sasserides

39.1S

9.3W

90

Gellio Sasceride, or ~ (1562-1612), Danish astronomer and physician.

Saunder

4.2S

8.8E

44

Samuel Arthur ~ (1852-1912), British mathematician and selenographer.

Saussure

43.4S

3.8W

54

Horace-Bénédict de ~ (1740-1799), Swiss geologist, educator and physicist; noted for his studies of the geology, meteorology and botany of the mountainous regions of Europe, particularly the Alps.

Scaliger

27.1S

108.9E

84

Joseph-Juste (or Justus) ~ (1540-1609), French chronologist; established the system of the Julian Date, in which 1 January 4713 B.C. is Day One.

Schaeberle

26.2S

117.2E

62

John M. ~ (1853-1924), American astronomer; among his celestial discoveries was the white dwarf Procyon B.

Scheele

9.4S

37.8W

4

Carl Wilhelm ~ (1742-1786), Swedish chemist and apothecary; discovered many new acids and gases, and was involved in the discovery of barium, chlorine, manganese, molybdenum, nitrogen, oxygen and tungsten, though he is not credited with discovering any of them.

Scheiner

60.5S

27.5W

110

Christoph ~, S.J. (1575-1650), German Jesuit, mathematician, educator and astronomer; early observer of sun spots.

Schiaparelli

23.4N

58.8W

24

Giovanni Virginio ~ (1835-1910), Italian astronomer; identified the southern polar ice cap of Mars and features of the planet which he called seas, continents and channels (canali). The term "canali" was mistranslated as "canals," beginning a long-running controversy about life on Mars.

Schickard

44.3S

55.3W

206

Wilhelm ~ (1592-1635), German astronomer and mathematician; a friend of Kepler (q.v.), he devised a calculator (or "calculating clock") capable of adding and subtracting up to six-digit numbers, and which warned of an overflow by ringing a bell.

Schiller

51.9S

39.0W

180

Julius ~ (?-fl. 1627), German astronomer; reinterpreted the constellations in Christian terms from the original "pagan" terminology.

Schjellerup

69.7N

157.1E

62

Hans Karl Frederik Kristian ~ (1827-1887), Danish astronomer.

Schlesinger

47.4N

138.6W

97

Frank ~ (1871-1943), legendary American astronomer; a pioneer in the use of photographic techniques to determine stellar parallaxes, he served as director of Allegheny Observatory (Pittsburgh, Penn., 1905-1920) and the Yale University Observatory (1920-1941), establishing a second Yale observatory in South Africa. Published ten volumes of zone catalogs, including some 150,000 stars, as well as the widely-used Bright Star Catalogues. Served as president of both the American Astronomical Society and the International Astronomical Union.

Schliemann

2.1S

155.2E

80

Heinrich ~ (1822-1890), German explorer and archaeologist; best known for his excavations at ancient Troy and Mycenae which helped to establish a historical background for the stories and legends told by Homer and Virgil.

Schluter

5.9S

83.3W

89

Heinrich ~ (1815-1844), German astronomer.

Schmidt

1.0N

18.8E

11

Bernhard ~ (1879-1935) German optical engineer and astronomer; legendary designer of telescope optics;
Also Johann Friedrich Julius ~ (1825-1884), German astronomer; director of the Athens Observatory.

Schneller

41.8N

163.6W

54

Herbert ~ (1901-1967), German astronomer.

Schomberger

76.7S

24.9E

85

Georg ~ (1597-1645), Austrian Jesuit astronomer and mathematician.

Schonfeld

44.8N

98.1W

25

Eduard ~ (1828-1891), German astronomer; director of the observatories at Mannheim and Bonn.

Schorr

19.5S

89.7E

53

Richard ~ (1867-1951), German astronomer; director of the Hamburg Observatory from 1902-1941, succeeding George Ruemker (q.v.).

Schrödinger

75.0S

132.4E

312

Erwin ~ (1887-1961), Austrian physicist; longtime director of the School for Theoretical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin. Awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the "fundamental idea of wave mechanics."

Schröter,
or Schroeter

2.6N

7.0W

35

Johann Hieronymus ~ (1745-1816), German governor, jurist, mathematician and astronomer; builder of the observatory at Lilienthal. First to observe the planet Mercury and record detailed drawings of the planet's surface features. Schröter's Law states that the excavated volume of a crater below ground level is the same as the volume of material displaced above ground level in the crater's walls. A prominent lunar valley, Vallis Schröteri (q.v.), is also named in his honor.

Schubert

2.8N

81.0E

54

Theodor Friedrich von ~ (1789-1865), Russian explorer and cartographer.

Schumacher

42.4N

60.7E

60

Heinrich Christian ~ (1780-1850), German theologian and astronomer.

Schuster

4.2N

146.5E

108

Sir Arthur ~, Ph.D., D.Sc., Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S. (1851-1934), British mathematician, physicist and astronomer; Honorary Demonstrator in Physics (1873-76), Beyer Professor of Mathematics (1881-88),  Langworthy Professor and Director of the Physical Laboratories (1888-1907) and Honorary Professor of Physics (1907-34) at the University of Manchester.

Schwabe

65.1N

45.6E

25

Samuel Heinrich ~ (1789-1875), German botanist, pharmacist and astronomer; performed pioneering studies of sunspots over a 42-year period from his personally-constructed observatory at Dessau.

Schwarzschild

70.1N

121.2E

212

Karl ~ (1873-1916), German astronomer and physicist; developed the use of photography for measuring variable stars.

Scobee

31.1S

148.9W

40

Francis Richard (Dick) ~ (1939-1986), American fighter pilot and astronaut; awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal for his service in the Viet Nam War. Commander of the space shuttle Challenger, in which he perished with his crewmates following an onboard explosion shortly after the spacecraft launched on 28 January 1986.

Scoresby

77.7N

14.1E

55

William ~ (1789-1857), English whaler, oceanographer and explorer; made numerous observations in the seas around Spitsbergen and off the coast of Greenland.

Scott

82.1S

48.5E

103

Robert Falcon ~ (1868-1912), British naval officer and explorer; led two expeditions to Antarctica. On the second, in 1910, Scott hoped to be the first man to reach the South Pole, only to find that Amundsen (q.v.) had arrived five weeks earlier. Tragically, Scott and his entire four-man team were lost during the journey back.

Seares

73.5N

145.8E

110

Dr. Frederick Hanley ~ (1873-1964), American educator and astronomer; a member of the Mt. Wilson Observatory staff for 36 years, he standardized the stellar magnitude system and extended it beyond the 18th magnitude. Awarded the 1940 Bruce Medal in recognition of his achievements.

Secchi

2.4N

43.5E

22

Pietro Angelo ~, S.J. (1818-1878), Italian Jesuit and astronomer; director of the observatory at Gregorian University (Rome) from 1849, where he pioneered in classifying stars by their spectra.

Sechenov

7.1S

142.6W

62

Ivan Michailovich ~ (1829-1905), Russian physiologist; known as the father of Russian physiology, he introduced electrophysiology into laboratories.

Seeliger

2.2S

3.0E

8

Hugo Hans von ~ (1849-1924), German astronomer and astrophysicist.

Segers

47.1N

127.7E

17

Carlos ~ ( 1900-1967), Argentinean astronomer; longtime president of Asociación Amigos de la Astronomía.

Segner

58.9S

48.3W

67

Johann Andreas von ~ (1704-1777), German physicist and mathematician; his observations laid the foundation for the subsequent development of surface tension theory.

Seidel

32.8S

152.2E

62

Philipp Ludwig von ~ (1821-1896), German physicist; made the earliest systematic study of geometric aberrations in ray optics.

Seleucus

21.0N

66.6W

43

~ of Seleucia ( c. 190 B.C.), Greek (Babylonian) ruler, philosopher and astronomer; correctly theorized that the Moon was responsible for tides.

Seneca

26.6N

80.2E

46

Lucius Annaeus ~, or Seneca The Younger (4 B.C.- 65 A.D.), Roman philosopher, statesman and writer (born in Spain); his Tenne Tragedies (1581) was central in the evolution of Elizabethan drama.

Seyfert

29.1N

114.6E

110

Carl Keenan ~ (1911-1960), American astronomer; discovered an unusual class of spiral galaxies that have since been named for him.

Shackleton

89.9S

0.0E

19

Sir Ernest Henry ~ (1874-1922), English Antarctic explorer; a member of Scott's first Antarctic team, he later led three expeditions to the polar region.

Shahinaz

7.5N

122.4E

15

Turkish female name.

Shaler

32.9S

85.2W

48

Nathaniel Southgate ~ (1841-1906), American geologist, paleontologist, educator, soldier, lecturer, poet, administrator and farmer; first dean of the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard University. President of the Geological Society of America.

Shapley

9.4N

56.9E

23

Harlow ~ (1885-1972), American astronomer; a student of Seares (q.v.) at Missouri and Russell (q.v.) at Princeton, he calibrated Leavitt's period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars and used it to determine the distances to globular clusters, then boldly and correctly proclaimed that the globulars outline the Galaxy, and that the Galaxy is far larger than was generally believed and is centered thousands of light years away in the direction of Sagittarius. Awarded the 1939 Bruce Medal for his achievements.

Sharonov

12.4N

173.3E

74

Vsevolod V. ~ (1901-1964); Soviet astronomer; performed significant studies of variable stars at Odessa Astronomical Observatory.

Sharp

45.7N

40.2W

39

Abraham ~ (1651-1742), British astronomer and mathematician; a colleague of Flamsteed (q.v.) and collaborator with Newton (q.v.), he wrote Geometry Improv'd (1718), a work rich in novel polyhedra, especially ones with tetragonal faces.

Shatalov

24.3N

141.5E

21

Vladimir Aleksandrovich ~ (1927- ), Soviet cosmonaut; a pilot and major general in the Soviet Air Force, he was selected as a cosmonaut in 1963 and served as commander on Soyuz flights 4, 8 and 10, and later served as director of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.

Shayn,
or Shajn

32.6N

172.5E

93

Grigori Abramovich ~ (1892-1956), Soviet astrophysicist; the 102-inch telescope at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (Nauchny, Ukraine) is named in his honor.

Sheepshanks

59.2N

16.9E

25

Anne ~ (1789-1876), British benefactor; her legacy funded the building of the modern observatory at Cambridge. The telescope there is named in her honor.

Shekhov,
or Chekhov

6.6S

82.0E

19

Anton Pavlovich ~ (1860-1904), Russian author and playwright, born in Ukraine; his works included Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and The Seagull.

Sherrington

11.1S

118.0E

18

Sir Charles Scott ~ (1857-1952), British neurophysiologist; shared the 1931 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Edgar Douglas Adrian (q.v.) for their discoveries regarding the function of the neurone.

Shi Shen

76.0N

104.1E

43

Master ~, or Shi Shen Fu (fl. 370 B.C. - 340 B.C.), Chinese astronomer, astrologer and mathematician; his Shi shi xing jing bu zan (Star Catalogue of Master Shi) is one of the earliest celestial observational records.

Shirakatsi

12.1S

128.6E

51

Anania ~  (620?-685?), Armenian philosopher, mathematician, astrologist and musician.

Short

74.6S

7.3W

70

James ~ (1710-1768), Scottish mathematician and optician; constructed more than 1000 precision telescopes for astronomers across Europe during his lifetime.

Shternberg

19.5N

116.3W

70

Pavel Karlovich ~, or Sternberg (1865-1920), Russian astronomer, educator and government official; as an astronomer, his chief contributions were in the subjects of gravimetry and photoastronomy. The Astronomical Institute at the University of Moscow is named in his honor.

Shuckburgh

42.6N

52.8E

38

Sir George ~ Evelyn (1751-1804), British geographer, benefactor and government official.

Shulejkin,
or Shuleykin

27.1S

92.5W

15

M.V. ~ (1884-1939), Soviet radio engineer.

Siedentopf

22.0N

135.5E

61

Heinrich ~ (1906-1963), German astronomer and educator.

Sierpinski

27.2S

154.5E

69

Waclaw ~ (1882-1969), Polish mathematician, theorist and educator; considered the greatest Polish mathematician, and one of the greatest the world has known. Sierpinski authored an incredible 724 papers and 50 books. He retired in 1960 as professor at the University of Warsaw but continued to give a seminar on the theory of numbers at the Polish Academy of Sciences up to 1967. He also continued his work as editor-in-chief of Acta Arithmetica (which he began in 1958), and as an editorial board member of Rendiconti dei Circolo Matimatico di Palermo, Composito Matematica and Zentralblatt für Mathematik.

Sikorsky

66.1S

103.2E

98

Igor Ivanovich ~ (1889-1972), Russian-American aeronautical engineer; developed the first practical helicopter, and pioneered fixed-wing aircraft. Skorsky also conceived the idea of an aircraft having more than one engine, which gave the world its first multi-engine airplane, the four-engined "Grand," which featured an enclosed cabin. a lavatory and upholstered seating  (1913).

Silberschlag

6.2N

12.5E

13

Johann Esaias ~ (1721-1791), German astronomer; in his Theorie der am 23 Juli, 1762, erschienen Feuer-Kugel ("Theory on the July 23, 1762, appearance of a fireball"), he provided a good description of the event along with engravings of meteors, the fireball's path, and its ultimate fiery explosion. It was not until the next century that scientists, with Silberschlag's theory as a base, began to concede that fireballs and meteorites might have extraterrestrial origins.

Simpelius,
or Sempilius

73.0S

15.2E

70

Hugh Sempill, or ~ (1596-1654), Scottish mathematician. (N.B., The Latin name "Simpelius," which appears on many older lunar maps, is more correctly stated as "Sempilius.")

Sinas

8.8N

31.6E

11

Simon ~ (1810-1876), Greek benefactor; funded the completion of the Athens Observatory, begun by his father. Also built the grand Church of Agios Triados in Vienna with his own funds.

Sirsalis

12.5S

60.4W

42

Gerolamo Sersale, S.J., or ~ (1584-1654), Italian Jesuit and astronomer.

Sisakyan

41.2N

109.0E

34

Norajr (or Norair) Martirosovich ~ (1907-1966), Russian biochemist; a founder of the science of space biology.

Sita

4.6N

120.8E

2

Indian female name.

Sklodowska

18.2S

95.5E

127

Mme. Marie Curie, née ~ (1867-1934), Polish physicist, chemist and educator; together with her husband, Pierre Curie (q.v.), she was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903 for their study into spontaneous radiation, discovered by Becquerel, who was awarded the other half of the Prize. Following the tragic death of her husband in 1906, she took his place as Professor of General Physics in the Faculty of Sciences at the Sorbonne, the first time a woman had held this position. She received her second Nobel in 1911 in chemistry on her own "in recognition of the part she has played in the development of chemistry: by the discovery of the chemical elements radium and polonium; by the determination of the properties of radium and by the isolation of radium in its pure metallic state; and finally, by her research into the compounds of this remarkable element." (Quote from her presentation speech.)

Slipher

49.5N

160.1E

69

Vesto Melvin (V.M.) ~ (1875-1969), American astronomer; beginning in 1901, he worked his entire career at the Lowell Observatory at Flagstaff, Ariz. (U.S.A.), which he directed from 1916 to 1952. His visible and infrared spectroscopic studies of planets led to the determination of rotation periods and the identification of molecules in planetary atmospheres. He discovered reflection nebulae and proved the existence of interstellar dust and gas. Using exposure times as long as 80 hours, he was the first to discover and measure the enormous radial velocities of spiral nebulae; these data served as the basis of modern observational cosmology. His major contribution was determining that the spectra of the vast majority of external galaxies had red shifts. This crucial discovery laid the foundation for Hubble's law and the theory of the expansion of the universe. He also supervised the successful search for a ninth planet, Pluto ("Planet X"), considered the greatest discovery in astronomy since the detection of Neptune in 1846;
Also Earl Carl (E.C.) ~ (1883-1964), American astronomer, brother of V.M. Slipher; began his lifelong career as a planetary astronomer in 1907 when he observed Mars during an expedition to the Andes led by David Todd and supported by Percival Lowell, founder of Lowell Observatory. He became an astronomer at Lowell Observatory in 1908 and served as its director from 1957-1961. Instrumental in organizing the International Mars Committee (1954), which was designed to coordinate observatories around the world in order to observe Mars continuously for several months before and after an opposition; also headed a United States Air Force project designed to update the techniques used to observe Mars (1960).

Slocum

3.0S

89.0E

13

Frederick ~ (1873-1944), American astronomer; the first professor of astronomy at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. (U.S.A.), and director of the school's Van Vleck Observatory when it was first opened for classwork and observations in 1914, until his death in 1944.

Smith

31.6S

150.2W

34

Captain Michael John ~, U.S.N. (1945-1986), test pilot, Vietnam War combat pilot and astronaut; perished with his crewmates aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, aboard which he served as pilot. The mission was his first assignment as an astronaut.

Smithson

2.4N

53.6E

5

James ~, née James Lewis Macie (1765-1829), British chemist, geologist, mineralogist and benefactor; left his fortune to the people of the United States to found an institution — now known as the Smithsonian, the world's largest museum complex, located in Washington, D.C. — for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge."

Smoluchowski

60.3

N 96.8W

83

Marian ~ (1872-1917); Polish physicist, mathematician and educator, born in Austria; the first to properly derive an equation to calculate the zeta potential from electrokinetic mobility ("the Smoluchowski equation").

Snellius

29.3S

55.7E

82

Willebrord van Roijen Snell, or ~ (1850-1626), Dutch mathematician and astronomer; discovered the law of refraction (1621), a basis of modern geometric optics, although he did not publish it. It only became known when Huygens (q.v.) published Snell's result in Dioptrica (1703). Snell also discovered the sine law and studied the loxodrome, the path on a sphere that makes constant angle with the meridians.

Sniadecki

22.5S

168.9W

43

Jan ~ (1756-1830), Polish mathematician and astronomer; a student of Cousin, Lalande, and Kästner, he collaborated with Messier and was the builder of the Kraków Observatory.

Soddy

0.4N

121.8E

42

Frederick ~ (1877-1956), British physicist; awarded 1921 Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes."

Somerville

8.3S

64.9E

15

Mary Fairfax Greig ~ (1780-1872), Scottish physicist, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, mineralogist and suffragette; a contemporary and colleague of Airy, John Herschel, William Herschel, Peacock, Babbage, Laplace, Poisson, Poinsot and Mathieu (qq.v.), among countless others. "Her grasp of scientific truth in all branches of knowledge, combined with an exceptional power of exposition, made her the most remarkable woman of her generation." — Dictionary of National Biography (London, 1897). Somerville College in Oxford was named in her honor in 1879 because of her strong support for women's education and her contributions to the sciences.

Sommerfeld

65.2N

162.4W

169

Arnold Johannes Wilhelm ~ (1868-1951), German physicist, born in Prussia; introduced the magnetic quantum number (1916) and, four years later, the inner quantum number. His theoretical work attempting to explain the inner quantum number led to the discovery of electron spin.

Sommering

0.1N

7.5W

28

Samuel Thomas ~ (1755-1830), German electrical engineer and inventor; devised a method of sending electrical signals through insulated wires (telegraphy), as well as devising a means of detonating of explosives using small electrical charges.

Sophocles

21.5S

119.8E

0

~  (c. 495-406 B.C.), Greek philosopher, playwright and actor; author of more than 120 plays, of which Oedipus The King, Antigone and Electra are considered among the greatest works of literature from the era.

Soraya

12.9S

1.6W

2

Persian female name.

Sosigenes

8.7N

17.6E

17

~ of Alexandria (c. 90-fl. 46 B.C.), Greek astronomer, chronologist and mathematician; convinced Julius Caesar (q.v.) to establish the Julian calendar on 1 January 45 B.C., consisting of cycles of three 365-day years followed by a 366-day leap year. With minor modifications, this calendar is the same as the modern Gregorian calendar.

South

58.0N

50.8W

104

Sir James ~ (1785-1867), British surgeon and astronomer; a pioneer in the study of 'binary' or double stars.

Spallanzani

46.3S

24.7E

32

Lazzaro ~ (1729-1799), Italian Jesuit, natural scientist and biologist; performed essential early research in spontaneous generation, digestion and fertility, as well as studies of Vesuvius and the volcanoes of Sicily and of the Lipari Islands.

Spencer Jones

13.3N

165.6E

85

Sir Harold ~ (1890-1960), British astronomer; served successively as astronomical assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich; His Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope; and, from 1933 to 1955, director of the Royal Observatory and Astronomer Royal. He led the worldwide effort to determine the distance to the sun by triangulating the distance of the asteroid Eros when it passed near the earth in 1930-31. Supervised the move of the Royal Observatory to Herstmonceux after World War II, where it was renamed the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Awarded the Bruce Medal in 1949.

Spörer

4.3S

1.8W

27

Friederich Wilhelm Gustav ~ (1822-1895), German mathematician, educator and astronomer; shares credit with R.C. Carrington for the independent and nearly simultaneous discoveries of two solar features of great importance: by 1860,  both astronomers had accumulated sunspot observations demonstrating the differential rotation of the Sun's surface, as inferred from the apparent east-west motion of sunspots; and the gradual drift toward the equator through the descending period of the sunspot cycle (now often called Spörer's Law).

Spurr

27.9N

1.2W

11

Josiah Edward ~ (1870-1950), American geologist and author; explored Alaska's Klondike region, also authored Geology Applied to Selenology (1948), a four-volume work that attempted to explain the origins of the Moon. The mineral spurrite — Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) — is named in his honor, as is the Mount Spurr volcano near Cook Inlet in Alaska.

St. John

10.2N

150.2E

68

Charles E. ~ (1857-1935), American solar physicist and astronomer.

Stadius

10.5N

13.7W

69

Jan Stade, or Jean ~; oft. Estadius (1527-1579), Belgian astronomer and mathematician.

Stark

25.5S

134.6E

49

Johannes ~ (1874-1957), German physicist and educator; awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize in physics "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields."

Stearns

34.8N

162.6E

36

Carl Leo ~ (1892-1972), American mathematician and astronomer; professor of astronomy at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. (U.S.A.) and director of the school's Van Vleck Observatory from 1944-1960.

Stebbins

64.8N

141.8W

131

Joel ~ (1878-1966), American astronomer; beginning in 1907 with selenium cells so insensitive they could barely detect the moon, he developed photoelectric photometry to the point where it succeeded photography as the photometric standard. Directed the University of Illinois Observatory from 1903-1922 and the University of Wisconsin Washburn Observatory from 1922-1948, after which he "retired" to a decade performing research at Lick Observatory (California, U.S.A.). Recipient of the Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1915), the Bruce Medal of the Pacific Astronomical Society (1941) and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1950), among many other honors.

Stefan

46.0N

108.3W

125

Josef ~ (1835-1893), Austrian physicist; his contributions spanned several important fields, including the kinetic theory of gases, hydrodynamics and radiation.

Stein

7.2N

179.0E

33

Johan W.J.A. ~ (1871-1951), Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and educator; after a distinguished career as a professor at St. Willebrord's College and St. Ignatius College (Netherlands), Stein became director of the Vatican Observatory (1930) and oversaw its transfer to it current home at Castel Gandolofo.

Steinheil

48.6S

46.5E

67

Carl August von ~ (1801-1870), German astronomer, physicist and optician, born at Rapportsweiler, Alsace; devised an early version of the electric clock, considered by many to be the first ever built. Also invented a recording telegraph, was one of the first two (simultaneously with, but independently of, Foucault) to apply silvering to astronomical mirrors (1856), and developed numerous physical instruments including spectroscopes.

Steklov

36.7S

104.9W

36

Vladimir Andreevich ~ (1864-1926), Russian mathematician and physicist; among his many contributions to applied mathematics was General Theory of Fundamental Functions, in which he examined expansions of functions as series in an infinite system of orthogonal eigenfunctions. Founded the Institute of Physics and Mathematics at St. Petersburg (1921) and served as its director until his death in 1926.

Stella

19.9N

29.8E

36

Latin female name; literally "star."

Steno

32.8N

161.8E

31

Niels Steensen, or Nicolaus Stenonis, or ~ (1638-1686), Danish anatomist and geologist and Catholic bishop; he discovered, among other things, the excretory duct of the parotid glands (ductus Stenonianus) and the circulation of the blood in the human body, and was also the first to give a scientific explanation of the many petrifactions which are found in the earth. Feeling a higher call, he journeyed to Italy, where he received Holy orders in 1675, and two years after was consecrated a bishop.

Sternfeld

19.6S

141.2W

100

Ary A. ~ (1905-1980), Soviet space scientist, born at Sieradz, Poland; specialist in orbit calculation and author of numerous works, including Introduction To Cosmonautics and Interplanetary Flights. Awarded the Prix Galabert of the French Astronautical Society in 1934.

Stetson

39.6S

118.3W

64

Harlan T. ~ (1885-1964), American astronomer and geophysicist; professor of undergraduate astronomy at the Student's Observatory at Harvard College. Investigated the origins of sunspots and the effects of the Moon on terrestrial earthquakes.

Stevinus

32.5S

54.2E

74

Simon Stevin, or ~ (1548-1620), Belgian mathematician, engineer and physicist; founded the science of hydrostatics by showing that the pressure exerted by a liquid upon a given surface depends on the height of the liquid and the area of the surface. The author of eleven books, he made significant contributions to trigonometry, geography, fortification and navigation. Although Stevin did not invent decimals — they had been used by the Arabs and the Chinese well before his time — he introduced their use in mathematics.

Stewart

2.2N

67.0E

13

John Quincy ~ (1894-1972), American astrophysicist; his two-volume work, Astronomy (with Henry Norris Russell and Raymond Smith Dugan), was the standard textbook on the subject for nearly two decades.

Stiborius

34.4S

32.0E

43

Andreas Stoberl, or ~ (1465-1515), Austrian philosopher, astronomer, mathematician and theologian.

Stofler

41.1S

6.0E

126

Johann ~ (1452-1531), German astronomer and mathematician.

Stokes

52.5N

88.1W

51

Sir George Gabriel ~, F.R.S. (1819-1903), British mathematician and physicist; spent his entire working life at the University of Cambridge, where he occupied the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics from 1849 until his death in 1903, a prestigious position previously held by Sir Isaac Newton and later held by Stephen Hawking. His name is honored by generations of scientists, mathematicians and engineers through its association with various physical laws and mathematical formulae, including Stokes Law, Stokes Theorem, Stokes Phenomenon, Stokes Conjecture and the Navier-Stokes equations.

Stoletov

45.1N

155.2W

42

Aleksandr Grigoryevich ~ (1839-1896), Russian physicist, chemist and educator; as a professor at Moscow State University, he discovered the laws of the photoelectric effect and was a pioneer in ferromagnetism.

Stoney

55.3S

156.1W

45

George Johnstone ~ (1826-1911), Irish physicist; best known for his estimation of the charge on the particle of electricity which he named the electron (1876). Also made valuable contributions to spectroscopy and the understanding of planetary atmospheres.

Störmer

57.3N

146.3E

69

F. Carl M. ~ (1874-1957), Norwegian mathematician, astronomer and aurora researcher; studied the phenomenon of aurora polaris (the northern and southern lights), photographing and classifying aurorae and devising a method of measuring their height using triangulation ("Störmer height profile").

Strabo

61.9N

54.3E

55

~  (64 B.C.?- A.D. 23?), Greek geographer and historian; his epic Geography is the only existing work covering the whole range of peoples and countries known to both Greeks and Romans during the reign of Augustus.

Stratton

5.8S

164.6E

70

Frederick John Marrian ~ (1881-1960), British astronomer and astrophysicist.

Street

46.5S

10.5W

57

Thomas ~ (1621-1689), British astronomer.

Strömgren

21.7S

132.4W

61

Svante Elis ~ (1870-1947), Danish astronomer; director of the Central Astronomical Bureau in Copenhagen.

Struve

22.4N

77.1W

164

von ~, family of astronomers: Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von ~ (1793–1864), German-Russian astronomer; while serving as director of Dorpat Observatory (1817–39) he wrote Stellarum Duplicum et Multiplicum (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity. Became director of the new Central Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo (near St. Petersburg) in 1839;
Also Otto Wilhelm von ~ (1819-1905), Russian astronomer, son of Friedrich; succeeded his father as director of the Pulkovo Observatory (1862–89). Discovered nearly 500 double stars and a satellite of Uranus, estimated the sun's velocity, made micrometrical measurements of Saturn's ring system, and studied nebulae and comets;
Also Otto ~ (1897–1963), American astronomer (born in Russia), grandson of Otto Wilhelm; joined the staff of Yerkes Observatory at the University of Chicago (1921), serving as professor of astrophysics at the university and director of Yerkes from 1932 to 1947, as well as director of the affiliated McDonald Observatory at the University of Texas. He served as professor of astrophysics at the University of California (Berkeley, U.S.A.) and as director of its Leuschner Observatory from 1950 to 1959. In 1960, Struve became director of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Green Bank, W.Va. (U.S.A.) He made many important studies of radial velocity, interstellar matter, and stellar evolution during his illustrious career.

Suafuarik

10.6N

176.9E

27

Vojtech ~ (1829-1902), Czechoslovakian astronomer.

Subbotin

29.2S

135.3E

67

Mikhail Fedorovich ~ (1893-1966), Soviet mathematician and astronomer (born in Poland); director of the Russian Astrophysical Laboratory, Tashkent (1922-25) and the Tashkent Observatory (1925-30). Professor of astronomy and celestial mechanics at Leningrad University (1930); later appointed as head of the astronomy department. He held a variety of posts such as Chairman of the Department of Celestial Mechanics (1935-44), Head of the Theoretical Section of Pulkovo Observatory (1931-34), and Head of Leningrad University Observatory (1934-39). Following the Siege of Leningrad during World War II, Subbotin helped reestablish the Leningrad Astronomical Institute at the University of Leningrad (later renamed the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences), serving as its director.

Suess

4.4N

47.6W

8

Eduard ~ (1831-1914), Austrian geologist; first to determine that there had once been a land bridge between South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica, based upon his deduction that the fossil fern Glossopteris was common to each region.

Sulpicius Gallus

19.6N

11.6E

12

Gaius ~ (?-fl. c. B.C. 166); Roman consul, orator, philosopher and astronomer; foretold a lunar eclipse at Pydna in 168 B.C. and wrote about astronomy.

Sumner

37.5N

108.7E

50

Thomas Hubbard ~ (1807-1876), American sea captain and maritime navigator; discovered an improved method of position line navigation known as the" Sumner Line."

Sundman

10.8N

91.6W

40

Karl Frithiof ~ (1873-1949), Finnish mathematician; proved the existence of an infinite series solution to the three-body problem. Also published a paper on regularization methods in mechanics.

Sung-Mei

24.6N

11.3E

5

Chinese female name.

Susan

11.0S

6.3W

1

English female name.

Swann

52.0N

112.7E

42

William Francis Gray ~ (1884-1962), American physicist, educator and musician, born in England; director of the Bartol Research Foundation of the Franklin Institute. Published over 600 books and articles on atmospheric electricity, acceleration of particles, atomic bomb defense, atomic energy, cosmic rays and energy, electrets, electrodynamics, magnetism, music, physics, quantum theory, radiation, relativity and Einstein, science and civilization, stratospheric flights (by balloon and airplane), thermodynamics and wave mechanics. Cellist and conductor of the Swarthmore Symphony Orchestra (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.).

Swasey

5.5S

89.7E

23

Ambrose ~ (1846-1937), American inventor; with partner Worcester Warner developed the machines and did the engineering for the astronomical telescopes for which their company became famous. Warner & Swasey Observatory at Case Western Reserve University and Swasey Observatory at Denison University (both in Ohio, U.S.A) were named in his honor, as is the library at Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School (New York). Member of the Machine Tool Hall of Fame of the American Precision Museum.

Swift

19.3N

53.4E

10

Lewis ~ (1820-1913), American merchant and astronomer; considered one of the pioneer "showmen" of astronomy, charging admission to view the heavens through his telescopes, first at Warner Observatory (New York) and later at Mount Lowe Observatory (California). Discoverer of numerous comets, including "1862 III," later renamed Swift-Tuttle Comet for co-discoverer Horace Tuttle (q.v.).

Sylvester

82.7N

79.6W

58

James Joseph ~ (1814-1897), British mathematician, lawyer and educator; invented Sylvester's Dialytic Method for eliminating an unknown in two polynomial equations. He also collaborated with Cayley (q.v.) in his work on forms, discovering canonical binary forms for odd degrees. After serving as a mathematics professor at Johns Hopkins (1876), during which time he founded the American Journal of Mathematics (1878), he returned to England to fill the Savilian professorship of Geometry at Oxford (1883) after the death of Henry Smith (q.v.). At the age of 71, he devised the theory of reciprocants (differential invariants).

Szilard

34.0N

105.7E

122

Leó Szilárd, or Leo ~ (1898-1964), American physicist and biophysicist, born in Budapest, Hungary; a contemporary of Einstein and Fermi, his concepts included the linear accelerator, cyclotron, electron microscope and nuclear chain reaction. Leading proponent of the philosophy that scientists should accept moral responsibility for the consequences of their work. In his classic 1929 paper on Maxwell's Demon, Szilard first identified the unit, or "bit," of information. The Leo Szilard Lectureship Award, given yearly by the American Physical Society, honors "outstanding accomplishments by physicists in promoting the use of physics for the benefit of society." (Source: Leo Szilard Online)

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